Holocaust, genocide, and the law

• List of Illustrations
• p. xiii

• Acknowledgments
• p. xvii

• Introduction
• p. xix

• Part 1
• The Legal History of the Holocaust and Genocide

• 1
• The Holocaust: A Legal History
• p. 3

• A
• Nazi Germany as a Law-Based State
• p. 3

• B
• The Nazis Come to Power Through Law
• p. 5

• C
• Legal Measures Against Jews in the Reich
• p. 7

• D
• War, Occupation Law, and Ghettoization in Occupied Europe
• p. 14

• E
• Extermination: The Legal Holocaust
• p. 21

• F
• Aftermath
• p. 32

• 2
• Naming the Crime: Genocide
• p. 33

• A
• The Historical Background of the Term "Genocide"
• p. 33

• 1
• Lemkin's Word
• p. 33

• 2
• Genocide at the Nuremberg Trials
• p. 35

• 3
• Father of the Genocide Convention
• p. 35

• B
• The Genocide Convention
• p. 37

• 1
• Legislative History
• p. 39

• 2
• Definition of Genocide
• p. 40

• 3
• Actus Reus of Genocide-The Prohibited Acts
• p. 41

• Must There Be Actual Physical Destruction?
• p. 42

• Must the Destruction Be Systematic?
• p. 43

• Must Genocide Involve State Action?
• p. 44

• Why Are Only Certain Groups Protected by the Genocide Convention?
• p. 45

• Should "Cultural Genocide" Be Considered Genocide?
• p. 47

• 4
• Mens Rea of Genocide: "With Intent to Destroy in Whole or in Part"
• p. 48

• The Dolus Specialis (Special Intent) of Genocide
• p. 49

• The Meaning of "in Part"
• p. 50

• 5
• Genocide-Related Crimes: Conspiracy Incitement, Attempt, and Complicity
• p. 52

• Conspiracy to Commit Genocide
• p. 52

• Incitement to Commit Genocide
• p. 53

• Attempted Genocide
• p. 54

• Complicity in Genocide
• p. 54

• 6
• Proving Genocide
• p. 56

• 7
• Punishment
• p. 58

• C
• Use and Misuse of Genocide Terminology
• p. 59

• 1
• Using and Misusing the G-Word: Why Words Matter
• p. 59

• 2
• When Is It Proper to Characterize a Historical Event as a Genocide?
• p. 61

• Part 2
• Legal Reckoning with the Crimes of the Holocaust

• 3
• Prosecution of Nazi War Criminals at Nuremberg
• p. 69

• A
• International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg
• p. 69

• 1
• The Rocky Road to Nuremberg
• p. 69

• The London Conference: Creating the IMT
• p. 72

• 2
• The Trial
• p. 73

• The Defendants
• p. 74

• The Defense Attorneys
• p. 75

• The Judges
• p. 75

• The Trial Begins
• p. 77

• The Prosecution Case
• p. 78

• Live Witnesses
• p. 79

• The Defense Case
• p. 80

• The Verdicts
• p. 82

• Post-Conviction
• p. 83

• 3
• Major Criticisms of the IMT
• p. 83

• Ex Post Facto, or the Principle Against Retroactivity (Nullum Crimen Sine Lege)
• p. 84

• Victor's Justice, or "The Vanquished Are at the Mercy of the Victor"
• p. 85

• The "So You Too" Defense (Tu Quoque)
• p. 85

• 4
• The Holocaust at Nuremberg
• p. 85

• At Trial
• p. 85

• Closing Statements
• p. 88

• Judgment
• p. 89

• B
• The Later Nuremberg Trials
• p. 90

• 1
• The Twelve NMT Trials
• p. 91

• 2
• "Noel, Noel, What the Hell"
• p. 103

• 3
• Legacy of the NMT
• p. 105

• 4
• National Prosecutions of Nazi War Criminals
• p. 109

• A
• Prosecutions in Germany
• p. 109

• 1
• The Ulm Einsatzgruppen Trial
• p. 113

• The Defendants
• p. 115

• The Trial
• p. 117

• Closing Statements
• p. 119

• The Verdicts
• p. 119

• Legacy of the Trial
• p. 120

• The Fall of Erwin Schüle
• p. 121

• 2
• The Frankfurt Auschwitz Trial
• p. 121

• The Defendants
• p. 122

• The Trial
• p. 123

• The Verdicts
• p. 124

• Legacy of the Trial
• p. 125

• B
• The Trial of Adolf Eichmann in Israel
• p. 126

• 1
• Eichmann Before Jerusalem-The Nazi Era
• p. 128

• Eichmann's Escape and Capture
• p. 130

• 2
• Eichmann in Jerusalem-The Trial
• p. 131

• The Strange Law Used to Prosecute Eichmann
• p. 132

• Trial Preparation
• p. 133

• The Trial Begins
• p. 134

• The Prosecution Case
• p. 136

• The Defense Strategy
• p. 139

• The Verdict and Appeal
• p. 140

• 3
• Legacies of the Trial
• p. 142

• C
• Hunting for Nazis in America
• p. 145

• D
• Retrospective
• p. 149

• 5
• Civil Litigation for the Financial Crimes of the Holocaust
• p. 153

• A
• Stealing from the Jews
• p. 153

• B
• Returning What Was Stolen
• p. 155

• 1
• Restitution by the Allies in Occupied Germany
• p. 155

• 2
• German Reparations to Israel and Survivors
• p. 158

• 3
• Holocaust Restitution in the 1990s-A Measure of Justice Fifty Years Later
• p. 161

• Why the United States?
• p. 161

• What Did the Lawsuits Accomplish?
• p. 163

• 4
• Holocaust Restitution in the Twenty-First Century: The French Railroad Settlement
• p. 165

• C
• Why Didn't the Holocaust Restitution Model Work for Other Historical Atrocities?
• p. 169

• 1
• Herero Genocide Litigation
• p. 169

• 2
• Litigation Against Japanese Industry Arising Out of the Second World War
• p. 170

• 3
• South African Apartheid Litigation
• p. 174

• 4
• African-American Reparations Litigation
• p. 175

• 5
• Armenian Genocide-Era Litigation
• p. 177

• 6
• Shutting the Door on Universal Jurisdiction: The 2013 Kiobel Supreme Court Decision
• p. 179

• 6
• Holocaust Denial and the Law
• p. 183

• A
• What Is Holocaust Denial?
• p. 183

• B
• Criminalizing Speech: Holocaust and Genocide Denial Laws in Europe
• p. 187

• 1
• Germany
• p. 188

• 2
• Austria
• p. 193

• 3
• France
• p. 194

• 4
• European Union-wide Law
• p. 195

• C
• Should Holocaust Denial Be a Crime?
• p. 197

• 1
• The "Yes" Arguments
• p. 197

• 2
• The "No" Arguments
• p. 200

• 3
• Which Way Is Best?
• p. 204

• D
• The Future of Denial Laws
• p. 206

• 7
• The Impact of the Holocaust on Post-Holocaust Legal Philosophy
• p. 211

• A
• Carl Schmitt and the State of Exception
• p. 212

• B
• Karl Loewenstein and Postwar Germany's Militant Democracy
• p. 217

• C
• Gustav Radbruch and the Hart-Fuller Debate: What Is Law?
• p. 220

• D
• The State of Exception After 9/11
• p. 225

• Part 3
• The Holocaust as a Catalyst for Modern International Criminal Justice

• 8
• Nuremberg's Legacy: The UN Tribunals for Yugoslavia and Rwanda and the International Criminal Court
• p. 235

• A
• Building a Better Nuremberg
• p. 237

• B
• Creating the Case Law of Genocide
• p. 243

• 1
• Joint Criminal Enterprise and Genocide
• p. 244

• 2
• Public Incitement to Commit Genocide
• p. 246

• 3
• Command Responsibility and Genocide
• p. 247

• C
• Criticisms of the ICTs
• p. 251

• 1
• Slow Start
• p. 251

• 2
• Inconsistent Jurisprudence
• p. 252

• 3
• Inconsistent Quality of Jurists
• p. 252

• 4
• Punitive Tendency
• p. 252

• 5
• Cost and Pace of Trials
• p. 253

• 6
• The Ivory Tower Syndrome
• p. 254

• 7
• Failure to Prevent
• p. 255

• D
• Nuremberg and the International Criminal Court
• p. 256

• 9
• Prosecuting Genocide
• p. 265

• A
• International Prosecutions
• p. 265

• 1
• ICTR Prosecutions
• p. 265

• 2
• ICTY Prosecutions
• p. 267

• 3
• ICC Prosecutions
• p. 269

• B
• Domestic Prosecutions
• p. 271

• 1
• Nikola Jorgic: The First Person Convicted of Genocide?
• p. 273

• 2
• Rwandan Genocidaires
• p. 277

• Conclusion: Can Genocide Be Prevented?
• p. 281

• Notes
• p. 295

• Index
• p. 355