Transnational trajectories and diaspora policies

• Preface
• 11

• Foreword
• 13

• A Bridge to Comparative Diaspora Policy
• 15

• Introduction
• 17

• Chapter 1
• Czech Diaspora Policy
• 25

• 1.1
• Introduction
• 25

• 1.2
• The Czech Diaspora in Time
• 26

• 1.2.1
• The Contemporary Czech Diaspora
• 27

• 1.3
• Terminology Associated with the Czech Diaspora
• 28

• 1.4
• The Goals, Achievements, and 'Hot Topics' of the Contemporary Czech Diaspora
• 34

• 1.4.1
• The Place of Czech Diaspora Policy in Comparative Typologies
• 36

• 1.5
• The Institutional and Legislative Background of Czech Diaspora Policy
• 39

• 1.6
• Conclusion
• 44

• Chapter 2
• Building the Global Nation: Diaspora Policy in Poland
• 52

• 2.1
• Introduction
• 52

• 2.2
• An (Historical) Overview of the Polish Diaspora
• 53

• 2.3
• Building the Global Nation - the Main Approach of Diaspora Policy in Poland
• 55

• 2.4
• The 'Hot Topics' of Polish Diaspora Policy: Education, Ethnic Cards, and Enfranchisement
• 56

• 2.4.1
• Symbolic Policies Aimed at the Polish Diaspora
• 56

• 2.4.2
• The Education System Abroad
• 57

• 2.4.3
• 'The Pole's Card'
• 58

• 2.4.4
• Enfranchisement
• 60

• 2.5
• The Normative and Institutional Framework of Polish Diaspora Policy
• 61

• 2.6
• Conclusion
• 64

• Chapter 3
• Hungarian Diaspora Policy
• 67

• 3.1
• Introduction: Hungarian Diaspora Policy Contextualised
• 67

• 3.2
• Interpreting Kin-State and Diaspora Policies in the Hungarian Context
• 69

• 3.2.1
• Kin-State and Kin-Minorities
• 69

• 3.2.2
• Diaspora and Diaspora Policy
• 70

• 3.3
• Types of Co-ethnic Groups Abroad: Kin-Minority, Diaspora Hungarian Communities, and Recent Emigrants
• 71

• 3.3.1
• Kin-Minority Hungarians
• 71

• 3.3.2
• Diaspora Hungarians
• 72

• 3.3.3
• Recent Emigrants
• 73

• 3.4
• Hungary as a Kin-State since 1990
• 74

• 3.5
• Hungarian Kin-State and Diaspora Policy after 2010
• 78

• 3.5.1
• The Legal and Institutional Framework
• 78

• 3.5.2
• Engaging the Diaspora
• 80

• 3.6
• A 'Hot Topic' of Diaspora Policy: The Political Remittances of the External Population
• 83

• 3.7
• Conclusion
• 86

• Chapter 4
• Diaspora Policies in Slovakia: The Long Shadow of an Essentialist Approach to a Nation
• 91

• 4.1
• Introduction
• 91

• 4.2
• An Overview of Diaspora Policies in Slovakia
• 92

• 4.3
• Statistics on the Slovak Diaspora
• 94

• 4.4
• Remittances from the Slovak Diaspora
• 95

• 4.5
• Legislative Provisions Concerning the Diaspora
• 96

• 4.6
• Diaspora Policies and Rights
• 97

• 4.7
• Institutional Background of Diaspora Policies in Slovakia
• 100

• 4.8
• Conclusion
• 102

• Chapter 5
• The Theoretical Framework, Preliminary Data, and Research Design for Collecting Data on the Czech Diaspora
• 106

• 5.1
• Introduction
• 106

• 5.2
• Czech Diaspora and Recent Contributions to Diaspora Research
• 107

• 5.3
• Blurring the Boundaries between Transnationalism and the Diaspora
• 108

• 5.4
• The Number of Czechs Abroad and the Issue of Data Availability
• 110

• 5.4.1
• Remittances
• 114

• 5.5
• Research Design for the Study of the Czech Diaspora in Migration Conditions
• 115

• 5.5.1
• The Questionnaire Survey
• 115

• 5.5.2
• In-Depth Interviews
• 117

• 5.5.3
• Focus Group
• 117

• 5.5.4
• Data Limitations
• 118

• 5.6
• Conclusion
• 119

• Chapter 6
• The Expectations and Needs of the Czech Diaspora towards the Czech State: From a Survey Perspective
• 125

• 6.1
• Introduction
• 125

• 6.2
• The Demographic and Socioeconomic Characteristics of Members of the Czech Diaspora
• 125

• 6.3
• The Transnational Relations of Diaspora Members to Czechia
• 128

• 6.4
• Assessing What the Czech Diaspora Needs and Expects from the Czech State
• 129

• 6.5
• The Relationship of the Diaspora to Political Life in the Czech Republic: The Issue of Voting
• 132

• 6.6
• Potential Re-emigration: Barriers and Limits
• 133

• 6.7
• Conclusion
• 135

• Chapter 7
• The Institutional Engagement of the Czech Diaspora: A Comparative Case Study of Czechs in Austria and Germany versus North America
• 137

• 7.1
• Introduction
• 137

• 7.2
• Key Factors Behind the Level of Migrants' Engagement
• 138

• 7.2.1
• Structural Differences between Geographically Close and Distant Diasporas - United States & Canada vs Germany & Austria
• 138

• 7.2.2
• Geographic Distance
• 140

• 7.2.3
• Socioeconomic and Cultural Factors
• 141

• 7.2.4
• Transnationalism
• 142

• 7.3
• Propositions
• 143

• 7.4
• Methodology, Methods, Data
• 143

• 7.4.1
• The Questionnaire
• 143

• 7.4.2
• Variables
• 144

• 7.4.3
• Methodological and Methodical Notes
• 150

• 7.5
• Results
• 150

• 7.5.1
• Similarities and Differences between Two Geographically Distant Diasporas - the United States & Canada vs Germany & Austria
• 150

• 7.5.2
• The Factors behind Migrants' Institutional Engagement
• 155

• 7.6
• Discussion and Conclusion
• 158

• Chapter 8
• Continuous Individual Mobilities and New Forms of Integration: The Example of the Czech Diaspora
• 164

• 8.1
• Introduction
• 164

• 8.2
• We Certainly Do Not Recognise All the Layers of Diasporic Integration: The Discursive Level from Which the Presented Data Come
• 164

• 8.3
• Initial Premises and Research Questions
• 167

• 8.4
• Methodology
• 169

• 8.4.1
• Sample
• 169

• 8.4.2
• Data Collection and Evaluation
• 170

• 8.5
• Results
• 171

• 8.5.1
• Decision Phase and the Motivation to Migrate
• 171

• 8.5.2
• Transfer from the Source Country to the Current Country of Residence
• 172

• 8.5.3
• The Implementation of Plans in the Destination Country
• 173

• 8.5.4
• Integration into the New Environment and Ties to the Source and Destination Countries
• 174

• 8.5.5
• Professional (Corporate) Diasporas as a Form of Integration into a New Environment
• 175

• 8.6
• Discussion
• 176

• 8.7
• Conclusion
• 177

• Chapter 9
• Internationally Mobile Czech Academics: Weighing the Reasons to Stay Abroad or Return Home
• 180

• 9.1
• Introduction
• 180

• 9.2
• Academic Mobility As 'High Skill' Migration
• 181

• 9.2.1
• Changes in Academic Structures and Employment
• 184

• 9.3
• The Czech Emigration Context and Methodological Considerations
• 186

• 9.4
• Czech Academics Abroad - Who Are They?
• 187

• 9.5
• Motivations to Return and Reasons to Stay
• 190

• 9.5.1
• The Professional Context
• 190

• 9.5.2
• The Personal Context
• 193

• 9.5.3
• The Societal Context
• 194

• 9.6
• Conclusion
• 196

• Chapter 10
• Forging Bonds Beyond Borders: Concluding Insights on Diaspora Policies in Central and Eastern Europe, with a Spotlight on Czechia
• 199

• 10.1
• Introduction
• 199

• 10.2
• The Parallels and Differences of the Diaspora Policy of Four Central and Eastern European (CEE) Countries
• 199

• 10.3
• The Czech 'New Diaspora', Transnational Relations and Institutional Engagement
• 202

• 10.4
• Concluding Remarks
• 205

• Summary
• 207

• List of Contributors
• 208